The team was managed first by Randy Moulic, followed by Chung-Jen (C J) Tan.Īfter Deep Thought's 1989 match against Kasparov, IBM held a contest to rename the chess machine and it became "Deep Blue", a play on IBM's nickname, "Big Blue". Jerry Brody, a long-time employee of IBM Research, was recruited for the team in 1990. Anantharaman subsequently left IBM for Wall Street and Arthur Joseph Hoane joined the team to perform programming tasks. Hsu and Campbell joined IBM in autumn 1989, with Anantharaman following later.
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After their graduation from Carnegie Mellon, Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman, and Murray Campbell from the Deep Thought team were hired by IBM Research to continue their quest to build a chess machine that could defeat the world champion. The project was started as ChipTest at Carnegie Mellon University by Feng-hsiung Hsu, followed by its successor, Deep Thought. Grandmaster Joel Benjamin was also signed on to the development team by IBM. The project evolved once more with the new name Deep Blue in 1989. This project eventually evolved into Deep Thought, at which point the development team was hired by IBM. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue.ĭevelopment for Deep Blue began in 1985 with the ChipTest project at Carnegie Mellon University. Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch.
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Deep Blue won game six, therefore winning the six-game rematch 3½-2½ and becoming the first computer system to defeat a reigning world champion in a match under standard chess tournament time controls. Deep Blue was then heavily upgraded, and played Kasparov again in May 1997. However, Kasparov won three and drew two of the following five games, defeating Deep Blue by a score of 4-2. It is known for being the first piece of artificial intelligence to win both a chess game and a chess match against a reigning world champion under regular time controls.ĭeep Blue won its first game against a world champion on February 10, 1996, when it defeated Garry Kasparov in game one of a six-game match. According to Wired, the move that threw Kasparov off his game and changed the momentum of the match was not a feature, but a bug.Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. What it may have been, in fact, was a glitch in Deep Blue’s programming: Faced with too many options and no clear preference, the computer chose a move at random. He later said he was again riled by a move the computer made that was so surprising, so un-machine-like, that he was sure the IBM team had cheated. Kasparov, according to NPR, was visibly perturbed - sighing and rubbing his face - before he abruptly stood and walked away, forfeiting the match. Although he easily won the first game, Deep Blue dominated the second. Once again, the psychological toll of facing off against an inscrutable opponent played a key role.
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The next year, he played against a new and improved Deep Blue and lost the match. So although I think I did see some signs of intelligence, it’s a weird kind, an inefficient, inflexible kind that makes me think I have a few years left.” He boasted, “In the end, that may have been my biggest advantage: I could figure out its priorities and adjust my play. Knowing that it was still basically a calculating machine gave Kasparov his edge back. Later, he discovered the truth: Deep Blue’s calculation speed was so advanced that, unlike other computers Kasparov had battled before, this one could see the material advantage of losing a pawn even if the advantage came many moves later. I could feel - I could smell - a new kind of intelligence across the table.” “I had played a lot of computers but had never experienced anything like this. “It was a wonderful and extremely human move,” Kasparov noted, and this apparent humanness threw him for a loop. He later explained, in an essay for TIME, that Deep Blue flummoxed him in that first game by making a move with no immediate material advantage nudging a pawn into a position where it could be easily captured.
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But after rallying to beat Deep Blue, winning three matches and drawing two after his initial loss, Kasparov wasn’t ready to give up on the human race - or himself.